Blue-light-filtering spectacle lenses in managing vision-related symptoms: an updated review

Abstract

Blue light, emitted by natural and artificial sources such as digital screens, has raised concerns regarding its impact on ocular health, visual comfort, and circadian rhythms. Prolonged exposure has been linked to digital eye strain (DES), visual fatigue, potential retinal damage, and sleep disturbances. Blue-light-filtering spectacle lenses have been developed to mitigate these effects by reducing short-wavelength blue light transmission, but their efficacy remains debated. Studies indicate that these lenses have minimal or no significant impact on contrast sensitivity, color discrimination, and task performance, with visual outcomes comparable to standard lenses. While some research suggests minor benefits in reducing DES and visual fatigue in specific populations, most studies report no significant differences. This highlights the multifactorial nature of DES. Experimental evidence supports the potential for blue-light-filtering spectacle lenses to reduce oxidative stress and phototoxicity in retinal cells, which may offer protection against retinal damage and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Additionally, these lenses show promise in neurological and psychological domains, including reduced migraine frequency, alleviation of mania symptoms, and improved sleep quality through circadian rhythm regulation. However, subjective sleep improvements are often not supported by objective measures. In summary, blue-light-filtering spectacle lenses may provide benefits in retinal protection, sleep regulation, and neurological health. However, their effectiveness in reducing visual fatigue, enhancing task performance, and preventing ARMD remains inconclusive. Further research with standardized methodologies and larger sample sizes is needed to clarify their clinical and everyday utility.