A Systematic Literature Review on Air-Rail Integration

Abstract

As global transportation systems evolve, the integration of air and rail services has emerged as a strategic solution to enhance multimodal connectivity, reduce congestion, and optimize passenger behaviour. This study conducts a systematic literature review to examine how air-rail integration influences passenger behaviour, connectivity, and system efficiency in multimodal transportation networks. Following PRISMA guidelines, a total of 22 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 were analysed across major databases. These studies were evaluated using descriptive and thematic analyses to uncover patterns in infrastructure design, integration models, service quality, and passenger preferences. Findings reveal that well-designed integration strategies—particularly co-located terminals, coordinated schedules, and unified ticketing systems—significantly enhance connectivity and passenger satisfaction. Analysis identified four critical themes: 1. Integration impacts on passenger behaviour 2. Effects of integration models on passenger flows 3. Factors driving modal preferences and 4. Infrastructure related transfer challenges. Passenger choices vary markedly by travel purpose and income level, with business travellers prioritizing connectivity while leisure travellers emphasize affordability. Despite integration benefits, persistent challenges include inadequate baggage handling, insufficient real-time information systems, and complex transfers at non-integrated hubs. These findings highlight the usefulness of an evaluating passenger behavioural pattern matrix in directing the development of integration plans that satisfy a wide range of passenger needs and support sustainable multimodal transportation networks.