Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population

Abstract

BackgroundThe Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to measure patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. However, it has not been translated into Cantonese-Chinese and validated in the Hong Kong population. To develop and validate a Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ among native Chinese patients who have used pharmacy services at community pharmacies in Hong Kong.MethodsThe PSQ was developed and translated into Cantonese-Chinese using iterative forward-backwards translation. Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling at three community pharmacies. Internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity, known-group comparison and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to confirm that the Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ is a valid measure of its intended constructs. Qualitative think-aloud interviews were carried out to test for comprehension and content validity. The subjects' views and interpretation of each questionnaire item were also explored to determine the relevance, comprehensiveness, and adequacy of the response options.ResultsA total of 236 adult subjects were recruited to complete the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and the Chinese 5-Level EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D-5L HK) questionnaire. Additionally, think-aloud interviews were carried out with 15 subjects. Most subjects were able to understand and interpret the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ with relative ease. The internal consistency of Cantonese-Chinese PSQ was excellent (Cronbach's α > 0.96) for the full-scale, Friendly explanation (FE) subscale and Managing therapy (MT) subscale. CFA confirmed the hypothesised two-factor structure of the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ. Individuals with higher education levels showed statistically significantly higher satisfaction levels in the overall PSQ score and MT scale score compared to those with lower levels of education. Additionally, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and EQ-5D-5L HK scores, demonstrating discriminant validity.ConclusionThe Cantonese-Chinese translation of the PSQ is a validated, reliable, and semantically equivalent instrument used to assess satisfaction towards services provided by community pharmacies.

Publication DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409
Divisions: College of Health & Life Sciences > Aston Pharmacy School
Aston University (General)
Funding Information: This work was supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.
Additional Information: Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
Uncontrolled Keywords: Translation,Validation,Questionnaire,Satisfaction,Community Pharmacy
Publication ISSN: 2052-3211
Last Modified: 31 Jul 2025 07:25
Date Deposited: 30 Jul 2025 10:23
Full Text Link:
Related URLs: https://www.tan ... 11.2025.2527409 (Publisher URL)
PURE Output Type: Article
Published Date: 2025-07-17
Published Online Date: 2025-07-17
Accepted Date: 2025-06-25
Authors: Cheung, Chi Lam
Yiu, Hei Hang Edmund
Chan, Frank Nim Kok
Cho, Tommy Lok Hei
Sun, Janet Hiu Tung
Lee, Marco Tsun
Lee, Tommy Ka Ho
Daphne Cheung, Gladys
Law, Kitty Kit Ki
Wong, Janet Kit Ting
Cheng, Franco Wing Tak
Lo, Leo Kin Yip
Yuen, William Ho Ching
Yuen, Reason Pui Yan
Chen, Timothy F
Yin Chan, Esther Wai
Kei Wong, Ian Chi (ORCID Profile 0000-0001-8242-0014)
Ng, Vanessa Wai Sei
Wan, Eric Yuk Fai

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