Acceptance of Blockchain Technology By Higher Education Institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The increasing adoption of new technologies in the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) sector highlights the importance of exploring blockchain acceptance among employees. Adopting blockchain, as an emerging technology, is likely to encounter resistance among employees. This study explores this issue. Specifically, this study aims to determine the drivers and hindrances of blockchain acceptance among employees in the HEIs industry. To address this aim, this study proposes a framework that extends the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) with individual characteristics. The framework represents factors that explain blockchain acceptance. The identified elements are performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EX), social influence (SI), facilitating conditions (FC), trust, perceived security (SEC) and awareness (AW). The relationships among these factors were examined based on a quantitative approach, where an online questionnaire was employed to collect data from administrative and academic staff working for HEIs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) and Multi-group Analysis (MGA) techniques were employed to analyse 394 responses. The findings of this study revealed the direct drivers and hindrances of blockchain acceptance, i.e., PE, FC, SEC and AW. Additionally, this study demonstrated the moderating effects of AW between FC and blockchain acceptance. Furthermore, it determined specific indirect effects of the EX, trust and SEC on blockchain acceptance. Moreover, this research detected significant differences between categories’ subsamples and identified the significant factors of blockchain acceptance per subsample. Finally, this research identified where blockchain needs to be adopted most within the HEIs, i.e., financial exchange, certificate management, and students’ assessment areas. The HEIs industry in KSA could use these findings to develop concise strategies that encourage the adoption of blockchain. Scholars might also employ the proposed framework to investigate the adoption of blockchain.