Maternal and pregnancy factors contributing to the association between area deprivation and infant mortality in England: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality in the UK is rising. This study aims to identify contributory maternal and pregnancy factors that can explain the known association between area deprivation and infant mortality. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted using Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) primary care data between 2004 and 2019 linked to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), and infant mortality from the Office for National Statistics death data. Potential maternal and pregnancy contributory factors included: maternal age, prior maternal health conditions, pregnancy lifestyle factors and complications, use of medications during pregnancy, and characteristics of birth. Counterfactual-based decomposition analysis was used to quantify the relative importance of equalising these factors to reduce inequalities in infant mortality. FINDINGS: A total of 392,606 mother-child dyads were included in this study. The overall risk of infant mortality was greatest for individuals in the most deprived quintile (risk ratio 2.13 [95% CI 1.58-2.90]; risk difference 6.6 [3.8-8.8] per 10,000 live births) compared with the least deprived. Four contributory factors were identified as potentially important: preterm birth (Proportion eliminated [PE] 15.25% [95% CI 9.44-24.12%]), smoking during pregnancy (PE 13.61% [95% CI 3.96-80.97%]), maternal age <20 years at childbirth (PE 10.52% [95% CI 2.93-21.35%]) and maternal depression (PE 9.13% [95% CI 4.47-14.93%]). These collectively accounted for more than one-third of the socioeconomic inequality in mortality. INTERPRETATION: Multifactorial interventions targeting maternal mental health, smoking, teenage pregnancy and preterm birth may mitigate a proportion of the effects of socioeconomic inequality but targeting these, alone, will not stem the rise in infant mortality. Structural efforts to reduce socioeconomic inequalities will also be required to prevent these excess infant deaths.