The nut-and-bolt motion of a bacteriophage sliding along a bacterial flagellum: a complete hydrodynamics model

Abstract

The ‘nut-and-bolt’ mechanism of a bacteriophage-bacteria flagellum translocation motion is modelled by numerically integrating the 3D Stokes equations using a Finite-Element Method (FEM). Following the works by Katsamba and Lauga (Phys Rev Fluids 4(1): 013101, 2019), two mechanical models of the flagellum-phage complex are considered. In the first model, the phage fiber wraps around the smooth flagellum surface separated by some distance. In the second model, the phage fiber is partly immersed in the flagellum volume via a helical groove imprinted in the flagellum and replicating the fiber shape. In both cases, the results of the Stokes solution for the translocation speed are compared with the Resistive Force Theory (RFT) solutions (obtained in Katsamba and Lauga Phys Rev Fluids 4(1): 013101, 2019) and the asymptotic theory in a limiting case. The previous RFT solutions of the same mechanical models of the flagellum-phage complex showed opposite trends for how the phage translocation speed depends on the phage tail length. The current work uses complete hydrodynamics solutions, which are free from the RFT assumptions to understand the divergence of the two mechanical models of the same biological system. A parametric investigation is performed by changing pertinent geometrical parameters of the flagellum-phage complex and computing the resulting phage translocation speed. The FEM solutions are compared with the RFT results using insights provided from the velocity field visualisation in the fluid domain.