Fooks, Gary Jonas, Williams, Simon, Box, Graham and Sacks, Gary (2019). Corporations' use and misuse of evidence to influence health policy:A case study of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation. Globalization and health, 15 (1),
Abstract
Background: Sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) are a major source of sugar in the diet. Although trends in consumption vary across regions, in many countries, particularly LMICs, their consumption continues to increase. In response, a growing number of governments have introduced a tax on SSBs. SSB manufacturers have opposed such taxes, disputing the role that SSBs play in diet-related diseases and the effectiveness of SSB taxation, and alleging major economic impacts. Given the importance of evidence to effective regulation of products harmful to human health, we scrutinised industry submissions to the South African government's consultation on a proposed SSB tax and examined their use of evidence. Results: Corporate submissions were underpinned by several strategies involving the misrepresentation of evidence. First, references were used in a misleading way, providing false support for key claims. Second, raw data, which represented a pliable, alternative evidence base to peer reviewed studies, was misused to dispute both the premise of targeting sugar for special attention and the impact of SSB taxes on SSB consumption. Third, purposively selected evidence was used in conjunction with other techniques, such as selective quoting from studies and omitting important qualifying information, to promote an alternative evidential narrative to that supported by the weight of peer-reviewed research. Fourth, a range of mutually enforcing techniques that inflated the effects of SSB taxation on jobs, public revenue generation, and gross domestic product, was used to exaggerate the economic impact of the tax. This "hyperbolic accounting" included rounding up figures in original sources, double counting, and skipping steps in economic modelling. Conclusions: Our research raises fundamental questions concerning the bona fides of industry information in the context of government efforts to combat diet-related diseases. The beverage industry's claims against SSB taxation rest on a complex interplay of techniques, that appear to be grounded in evidence, but which do not observe widely accepted approaches to the use of either scientific or economic evidence. These techniques are similar, but not identical, to those used by tobacco companies and highlight the problems of introducing evidence-based policies aimed at managing the market environment for unhealthful commodities.
Publication DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0495-5 |
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Divisions: | College of Business and Social Sciences > School of Social Sciences & Humanities > Sociology and Policy College of Business and Social Sciences > School of Social Sciences & Humanities College of Business and Social Sciences > School of Social Sciences & Humanities > Centre for Critical Inquiry into Society and Culture (CCISC) |
Funding Information: | We would like to thank Salar Tayyib of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Mpho Legote of the National Treasury of South Africa, Diana McKelvey of the International Tax and Investment Center, Melia Steyn of the University of Cape |
Additional Information: | © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | Agnotology,Commercial determinants of health,Corporate misuse of evidence,Corporate misuse of science,Corporate political activity,Sugar tax,Health Policy,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health |
Publication ISSN: | 1744-8603 |
Last Modified: | 05 Dec 2024 08:17 |
Date Deposited: | 07 Oct 2019 08:59 |
Full Text Link: | |
Related URLs: |
http://www.scop ... tnerID=8YFLogxK
(Scopus URL) https://globali ... 2992-019-0495-5 (Publisher URL) |
PURE Output Type: | Article |
Published Date: | 2019-09-25 |
Accepted Date: | 2019-08-01 |
Authors: |
Fooks, Gary Jonas
(
0000-0003-0080-4802)
Williams, Simon Box, Graham Sacks, Gary |