The effects of heuristics and apophenia on probabilistic choice

Abstract

Given a repeated choice between two or more options with independent and identically distributed reward probabilities, overall pay-offs can be maximized by the exclusive selection of the option with the greatest likelihood of reward. The tendency to match response proportions to reward contingencies is suboptimal. nevertheless, this behaviour is well documented. A number of explanatory accounts have been proposed for probability matching. These include failed pattern matching, driven by apophenia, and a heuristic-driven response that can be overruled with sufficient deliberation. We report two experiments that were designed to test the relative effects on choice behaviour of both an intuitive versus strategic approach to the task and belief that there was a predictable pattern in the reward sequence, through a combination of both direct experimental manipulation and post-experimental self-report. Mediation analysis was used to model the pathways of effects. Neither of two attempted experimental manipulations of apophenia, nor self-reported levels of apophenia, had a significant effect on proportions of maximizing choices. However, the use of strategy over intuition proved a consistent predictor of maximizing, across all experimental conditions. A parallel analysis was conducted to assess the effect of controlling for individual variance in perceptions of reward contingencies. Although this analysis suggested that apophenia did increase probability matching in the standard task preparation, this effect was found to result from an unforeseen relationship between self-reported apophenia and perceived reward probabilities. A Win-stay Lose-shift (WSLS) analysis indicated no reliable relationship between WSLS and either intuition or strategy use.

Publication DOI: https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0228-9
Divisions: College of Health & Life Sciences
Additional Information: This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Uncontrolled Keywords: Apophenia,Heuristics,Judgement under uncertainty,Probability matching,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Publication ISSN: 1895-1171
Last Modified: 18 Mar 2024 08:26
Date Deposited: 12 Oct 2018 13:38
Full Text Link:
Related URLs: http://www.scop ... tnerID=8YFLogxK (Scopus URL)
PURE Output Type: Article
Published Date: 2017-12-31
Accepted Date: 2017-09-01
Authors: Ellerby, Zack W.
Tunney, Richard J. (ORCID Profile 0000-0003-4673-757X)

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